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Example: RPL12P6, GAPDH, ENSG00000237984

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Summary

Retrocopy Name GSTM2P1
Plot displaying the genomic locations of a retrocopy (in chr6) and its respective parental gene (in chr1). Each line represents a retrocopy.
Species Homo sapiens
Coordinates (hg38) chr6:111046426-111047554  UCSC
Coordinates (T2T) chr6:112225040-112226168  UCSC
Coordinates (hg19) chr6:111367629-111368757  UCSC
Strand -
Parental Sequence NM_000561.4
Parental seq. overlap 1005 bp
Parental seq. overlap (%) 86.2%
Genomic Region Intergenic
Retrocopy Summary GSTM2P1, located on chr6:111046426-111047554, is a retrocopy of the parental gene GSTM1. Retrocopies of protein-coding genes, also known as processed pseudogenes, are intriguing genomic elements with implications in genome evolution and diseases. While some retrocopies are non-functional, there are examples of retrocopies (retrogenes) acquiring regulatory roles or exhibiting neofunctionalization unrelated to their parental genes.

Parental Gene

Gene Name GSTM1
Full Name glutathione S-transferase mu 1
Also known as GST1|GSTM1-1|GSTM1a-1a|GSTM1b-1b|GTH4|GTM1|H-B|MU|MU-1
Coordinate chr1:109687817-109693745
Strand +
Gene summary Cytosolic and membrane-bound forms of glutathione S-transferase are encoded by two distinct supergene families. At present, eight distinct classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian glutathione S-transferases have been identified: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. This gene encodes a glutathione S-transferase that belongs to the mu class. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are organized in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and are known to be highly polymorphic. These genetic variations can change an individual's susceptibility to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with an increase in a number of cancers, likely due to an increased susceptibility to environmental toxins and carcinogens. Multiple protein isoforms are encoded by transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Homology

Species Scientific Name Retrocopy
Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes GSTM1P1
Bonobo Pan paniscus GSTM4P1
Gorilla Gorilla gorilla GSTM1P1
Orangutan Pongo abelii LOC100453622P1
Gibbon Nomascus leucogenys GSTM1P1
Green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus LOC103224273P2
Crab-eating macaque Macaca fascicularis GSTM4P1
Rhesus Macaca mulatta GSTM4P1
Baboon Papio anubis GSTM4P1
Golden snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana LOC104656061P1
Marmoset Callithrix jacchus Without Homology
Mouse lemur Microcebus murinus Without Homology
Mouse Mus musculus Without Homology
Rat Rattus norvegicus Without Homology
Chinese hamster Cricetulus griseus Without Homology
Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Without Homology
Pig Sus scrofa Without Homology
Cow Bos taurus Without Homology
Sheep Ovis aries Without Homology
Dolphin Tursiops truncatus Without Homology
Horse Equus caballus Without Homology
Dog Canis familiaris Without Homology
Panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca Without Homology
Cat Felis catus Without Homology
Pale spear-nosed bat Phyllostomus discolor Without Homology
Velvety free-tailed bat Molossus molossus Without Homology
Greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis Without Homology
Kuhl's pipistrelle Pipistrellus kuhlii Without Homology
Greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Without Homology
Egyptian rousette Rousettus aegyptiacus Without Homology
Sloth Choloepus didactylus Without Homology
Tasmanian Devil Sarcophilus harrisii Without Homology
Opossum Monodelphis domestica Without Homology
Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Without Homology
Chicken Gallus gallus Without Homology
Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Without Homology
Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata Without Homology
Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus Without Homology
Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta Without Homology
Lizard Anolis Carolinensis Without Homology
Frog Xenopus tropicalis Without Homology
Zebrafish Danio rerio Without Homology
Drosophila Drosophila melanogaster Without Homology

Expression

Related Sequence

>GSTM2P1
GGCCTTTCTGCAGAATCCACACCGACCAGCACCATGCCCGTGACACTGGGGTACTGGGACATCTGAGGGCTGGCCCACGCCGTCTGCCTGCTCCTGCAATACACAGACTTAAGCTATGAGGAAAAGAAGTACATGATGGGGGACGCTCCTGACTATGACAGAAGCCAGTGGCTGAATGAAAAATTCAAGCTGGGCCTGGACTTTCCCAATCTGCCCTACTTGATTGATGGGGCTCACAAGATCACCCAGAGCAAGGCCATCCTGGGCTGCATTGCCTACAAGCACAACCTGTGTGGGGAGACAGAAGGGGAGAAGATTTGGGAAGACATTTTGGAGAACCAGCTTGTGGACAACCACGTGCAGCTGGCCAGACTCTGCTACAACCCAGATTTTAAGAAACTGAAGCCAGAATACCTGGAGGCACTCCCTGCAATGCTGAAGCTCTACTCACAGTTTCTGGGGAAGCAGCTATTGTTTCTTGGGGACAAGATCACACTTGTGGATTTCATCGCGTATGGCATCCTTGAGAGAAACCAAGTATTTGAGCCCAAGTGGTTGGACGCCTTCCCAAACCTGAAGGACTTCATCTCCCGATTTGAGGGCTTGGAGATCTCTGCCTACATGAAATCCAGCTGCTTCCTCCTGAGACCTGTGTTCACAAAGATGGCTGTCTGGGGCAACAAGTAGTGCCTTGAAGGCCAGGAGGTGGGATTGAGTTGCCCATACTCAGCCTGTTGCCCAGGCTGTGGAGAGCAGCTGGACTCTACACCCCAGCACCTGCCTTCTTGTTCCTTTCTCCTGTTTATTCCCTTCTTTACCCCCAAGACTTTATTGGCCTTCTTCACTTCCCCTAAACCCGTGTCCCATCCAAGCCCTTTAAAGCCTCAGCTACCCATTTTCCTTCATGAACGTCTCCCTCCCAACATTACCCTTCCCTGCACTAAAGCCAGCCTGACCTTCCTTCCTGTTAGTGGTTGTGTCTGCTTTGAGGGGCCTAACGGGCCCCTTGCCTGTGGAGCTCAGCCCTGAGGTCCCAGGGCTGCATGAAAGAGCAGTACTGACTGGTTTACAGGCCCTTCTCCTGCAGCATGGCCCCTGCCTTAAGCCTACCTGATCCAAGTAAAGCCTA
>NM_000561.4
ATACTCTGAGCCCTGCTCGGTTTAGGCCTGTCTGCGGAATCCGCACCAACCAGCACCATGCCCATGATACTGGGGTACTGGGACATCCGCGGGCTGGCCCACGCCATCCGCCTGCTCCTGGAATACACAGACTCAAGCTATGAGGAAAAGAAGTACACGATGGGGGACGCTCCTGATTATGACAGAAGCCAGTGGCTGAATGAAAAATTCAAGCTGGGCCTGGACTTTCCCAATCTGCCCTACTTGATTGATGGGGCTCACAAGATCACCCAGAGCAACGCCATCTTGTGCTACATTGCCCGCAAGCACAACCTGTGTGGGGAGACAGAAGAGGAGAAGATTCGTGTGGACATTTTGGAGAACCAGACCATGGACAACCATATGCAGCTGGGCATGATCTGCTACAATCCAGAATTTGAGAAACTGAAGCCAAAGTACTTGGAGGAACTCCCTGAAAAGCTAAAGCTCTACTCAGAGTTTCTGGGGAAGCGGCCATGGTTTGCAGGAAACAAGATCACTTTTGTAGATTTTCTCGTCTATGATGTCCTTGACCTCCACCGTATATTTGAGCCCAAGTGCTTGGACGCCTTCCCAAATCTGAAGGACTTCATCTCCCGCTTTGAGGGCTTGGAGAAGATCTCTGCCTACATGAAGTCCAGCCGCTTCCTCCCAAGACCTGTGTTCTCAAAGATGGCTGTCTGGGGCAACAAGTAGGGCCTTGAAGGCCAGGAGGTGGGAGTGAGGAGCCCATACTCAGCCTGCTGCCCAGGCTGTGCAGCGCAGCTGGACTCTGCATCCCAGCACCTGCCTCCTCGTTCCTTTCTCCTGTTTATTCCCATCTTTACTCCCAAGACTTCATTGTCCCTCTTCACTCCCCCTAAACCCCTGTCCCATGCAGGCCCTTTGAAGCCTCAGCTACCCACTATCCTTCGTGAACATCCCCTCCCATCATTACCCTTCCCTGCACTAAAGCCAGCCTGACCTTCCTTCCTGTTAGTGGTTGTGTCTGCTTTAAAGGGCCTGCCTGGCCCCTCGCCTGTGGAGCTCAGCCCCGAGCTGTCCCCGTGTTGCATGAAGGAGCAGCATTGACTGGTTTACAGGCCCTGCTCCTGCAGCATGGTCCCTGCCTTAGGCCTACCTGATGGAAGTAAAGCCTCAACCACA

Publications

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